Methamphetamine was first synthesized from ephedrine in japan in 1893 by chemist nagayoshi nagai. World drug report calls meth the most abused hard drug on earth, and the worlds 26 million meth addicts equals the combined number for cocaine and heroin users. There are two main methods used to manufacture meth, and each method has variations on the procedures used. Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic amine in the class of compounds, the. The emotional hysteria driving public policy on methamphetamine is causing great.
Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers. Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug that is a white, bittertasting powder or a pill. Heavy or prolonged use may produce powerful side effects, including aggression and paranoia, kidney and lung disorders, brain and liver damage, chronic depression, immune deficiency disorders, convulsions, and schizophrenia. It is chemically similar to amphetamine, a drug used to treat adhd and narcolepsy. History of the methamphetamine problem request pdf. Learn more about the effects, medical uses, and abuse of methamphetamine. Acute prese ntations of psychosis in individ uals without prior psychiatric history require aggressive medical management and diagnostic tests to rule out underlying. To reduce the availability of precursor chemicals, congress enacted the u. My name is meth page 1 my name is meth i destroy homes, i tear families apart, take your children, and thats just the start. In its smoked form it is often referred to as ice, crystal, crank, and glass. Methamphetamine is a powerful, highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system. Young adults, aged 1825, had the highest prevalence of methamphetamine use in colorado and nationally in 2017.
The primary product from both these variations is methamphetamine hydrochloride, not the freebase. In these cases, the methamphetamine is being created by the analysis technique, even though it is not present in the sample that is being analyzed. Meth facts, history and statistics dangers and legality. Request pdf history of the methamphetamine problem methamphetamine, called meth, crystal, or speed, is a central nervous system stimulant that can be. The related compound amphetamine was first synthesized in germany in 1887 by lazar edeleanu world war ii. Abusing the drug can cause memory loss, aggression, psychotic behavior, damage to. The median base offense level in these cases was 32. Related chemically to amphetamines, methamphetamine does have some narrow medical uses. Combat methamphetamine epidemic act of 2005, setting sales limits for products containing precursor chemicals and requiring these products be sold behind the counter and entered into a national log. Methamphetamine, more potent and easy to make, was discovered in japan in 1919. Crystal methamphetamine is a form of the drug that looks like glass fragments or shiny, bluishwhite rocks.
Methamphetamine addiction has primarily afflicted persons who are white and rural inhabitants of western and midwest states. High doses were given to japanese kamikaze pilots before their suicide missions. In addition, urbandwelling gay males are experiencing an alarming increase in methamphetamine abuse, resulting in rapid spread of hiv infection fueled by unsafe sexual practices. Methamphetamine is an amphetamine with central nervous system cns stimulating activity. As a recreational drug, methamphetamine may be taken in pill form or, as a crystalline. It is made in tens of thousands of illegal laboratories across the country.
In 1919, crystallized methamphetamine was synthesized by akira ogata via reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine. The dextrorotatory isomer dextromethamphetamine can be prescribed to treat attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder, though unmethylated amphetamine is more commonly prescribed. This publication is available only in electronic format. The crystalline powder was soluble in water, making it a perfect candidate for injection. Eligibility requirements for staff were the following. Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the u.
The history of methamphetamine starts with a group of shrubs known as ephedra. Longterm methamphetamine abuse results in many damaging effects, including addiction. My name is meth i destroy homes, i tear families apart, take your children, and thats just the start. The parallels are clear enough to demonstrate that history is repeating itselfmistakes and all.
There is currently a lack of understanding about who uses methamphetamine. Request pdf history of the methamphetamine problem methamphetamine, called meth, crystal, or speed, is a central nervous system stimulant that can be injected, smoked, snorted, or ingested. Historical trends and current patterns of methamphetamine use in. Methamphetamine is best known for its abuse as a recreational drug, though it has legal medical applications.
Holley also serves on the alabama attorney generals task force on methamphetamine as chairman of the education committee. According to one study in large cities, % of men having sex with men used methamphetamine in the previous 6 months. Nothing was done with the drug, from its discovery synthesis until the late 1920s, when it was seriously investigated as a cure or treatment for nearly everything from depression to. Methamphetamine acts by both facilitating the release of catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, from nerve terminals in the brain and by inhibiting their uptake. Methamphetamine, called meth, crystal, or speed, is a central nervous system stimulant that can be injected, smoked, snorted, or ingested orally. Amphetamine, including derivatives such as methamphetamine, is now cited. Methamphetamine 1893 methamphetamine first synthesized in japan as decongestant. Methamphetamine went into wide use during world war ii, when both sides used it to keep troops awake. Holley closed her medical practice to devote all of her time to managing mothers against methamphetamine. Methamphetamine abuse and addiction research report. Methamphetamine was easier to make than amphetamine and more potent. Another, simpler method of methamphetamine manufacture arose. To provide three cases depicting possible pres entations of methamphetamineusing patients. The drugs euphoric effects are similar to but longer lasting than those of cocaine.
Acute prese ntations of psychosis in individ uals without prior psychiatric history require aggressive medical management and diagnostic tests to. The drug abuse warning network emergency room reports show a similar trend nationally. Its history, pharmacology, and treatment, the first book in hazeldens library of addictive drugs series, ralph weisheit and william l. Though it is a drug that is fdaapproved and prescribed for attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder adhd and obesity under the name desoxyn, methamphetamine s illicit use greatly surpasses its intended consumption. The consequences of methamphetamine abuse are terrible for the individual psychologically, medically, and socially. Amphetamine was first developed in germany in 1887 to help with respiratory problems, and methamphetamine was created in japan in 1919.
Methamphetamine contracted from nmethylamphetamine is a potent central nervous system cns stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a secondline treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. Methamphetamine ma is a derivative of amphetamine, which was widely prescribed in the 1950s and 1960s as a medication for depression and obesity. Historical trends and current patterns of methamphetamine. The medical use of the drug was slow to develop, but amphetamines came to be used as a stimulant to treat a number of conditions, including. Methamphetamine contractit frae nmethylamphetamine is a strang central nervish seestem cns stimulant that is mainly uised as a recreational drog an less commonly as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder an obesity. Usa and british military supplied 5mg benzedrine tablets. Methamphetamine is a member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of samphetamine carries a methyl substituent. In the us methamphetamine use is the highest in native hawaiians and pacific islanders 2. Emcdda papers exploring methamphetamine trends in europe. Methamphetamine and author of the 2005 book, crystal meth. The onepot or shake and bake method of meth production required much less equipment. First epidemic occurred in japan when the military dumped large quantities into the civilian market popular among truckers and west coast bikers in. Methamphetamine methylamphetamine or desoxyephedrine, popularly shortened to meth and also nicknamed ice and tina, is a psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug. Facts about methamphetamine methamphetamine is commonly known as speed, meth, and chalk.
Methamphetamine use and oral health m ethamphetamine is an inexpensive, easytomake illicit drug. History of methamphetamine early methamphetamine use. It takes the form of a white, odorless, bittertasting crystalline powder. History of meth in phoenix 39 other indicators of meth use 41 the cops meth initiative partnerships and interventions to address methamphetamine production and use 43 enforcement and intervention findings 49 challenges for program implementation and evaluation 52 references 56 chapter 3. In particular, growing attention has focused on the use of the crystalline form of methamphetamine known as ice.
Between 2010 and 201 preference for ice increased significantly, and ice is now the preferred form of methamphetamine for most users. Methamphetamine methamphetamine also called meth, crystal, chalk, and ice, among other terms is an extremely addictive stimulant drug that is chemically similar to amphetamine. Methamphetamine history part 2 narconon international. Methamphetamine addiction, treatment, and outcomes ncsacw.
Methamphetamine use among sexual minorities national survey on drug use and health 2015 herbst et al. November 5, 2010 these curriculum resources from the nida centers of excellence for physician information have been posted on the nida. An evaluation of the cops office methamphetamine initiative. Governments by the national institute of justice, office of justice programs, u. Just over half of methamphetamine traffickers had little or no prior criminal history 51.
Methamphetamine nazi leaders distributed millions of doses of methamphetamine in tablets called pervitin to their infantry, sailors and airmen in world war ii. From the 1930s onwards, europe saw extensive prescribing of. In the united states, the percentage of drug treatment admissions due to methamphetamine and amphetamine abuse tripled from 3% in 1996 to 9% in 2006. Back in 1986, president ronald reagan proclaimed the entire month of october crackcocaine awareness month. In about 2007, a new method of methamphetamine production spread across the us in response to the regulation of pseudoephedrine sales. Thus, medical, mental health, and other healthcare professionals working in a variety of. And after the war, methamphetamine abuse by injection reached epidemic proportions when supplies stored for military use became available to the japanese public. Psychiatric disorders in individuals with methamphetamine dependence. White examine the nature and extent of meth use in the united states, from meths early reputation as a wonder drug to the current perception that it is a scourge of society.
Methamphetamine is taken orally, smoked, snorted, or dissolved in. Methamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant with a high potential abuse and dependence. Mar 26, 2020 methamphetamine, potent and addictive synthetic stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system. Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drugseeking and drug use which is accompanied by functional and molecular changes in the brain. The history of crystal methamphetamine drugfree world. The median base offense level in these cases was 34.
The impact of methamphetamines on the individual and community risk factors. The in fiscal here nited year were tates number of. History of meth use in the united states despite crackdowns on ingredients necessary for meth production, meth abuse in the united states continues to grow. Methamphetamine increases physical activity and suppresses appetite. Eligibility requirements for patients were the following.
Im more costly than diamonds, more precious than gold the sorrow i bring is a sight to behold. Ice also known as crystal meth, meth, crystal, shabu, batu, d meth, tina, glass, or shard is the most potent form of methamphetamine, and is usually smoked or injected. A synthetic drug, methamphetamine is closely related chemically to amphetamine, but produces greater effects on the central nervous system. This leads to an increase in synaptic concentration of these neurotransmitters and results in increased stimulation. If you need me, rememeber im easily found, i live all around you in schools and in town. During world war ii, amphetamines were widely used to keep the fighting men going. Used by german, english, american, and japanese military in wwii for performance enhancement. Sometimes a forensic analyst makes the incorrect assumption that there is a small amount of methamphetamine present in the analyzed sample.
Methamphetamine is a schedule ii stimulant, which means it has a high potential for abuse and is available only through a prescription that cannot be refilled. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant drug, originally synthesized for therapeutic use but now found predominantly as a recreational drug of abuse. In addition to being addicted to methamphetamine, chronic. Methamphetamine lecture and interclerkship creighton university school of medicine eugene j.
Historical trends and current patterns of methamphetamine use. History of methamphetamine methamphetamine treatment. Drug enforcement administration and illinois state police, compiled this statewide study examining longterm and recent trends on methamphetamine trafficking, use, and treatment in illinois. The average cost of methamphetamine has dropped in colorado. Methamphetamine national institute on drug abuse nida. It has a role as a neurotoxin, a psychotropic drug, a central nervous system stimulant, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. First synthesized in 1887 germany, amphetamine was for a long time, a drug in search of a disease. Methamphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine chemical family. The p2pmethyl amine method produces a product that has two isomers d and l isomers present in equal. Attorneys office central district of illinois and icjia, with help from the u. These plants, found in many parts of the world, have been used for thousands of years in china, pakistan, india and the americas to make teas that help open airways and treat asthma, as well as congestion and cough. First epidemic occurred in japan when the military dumped large quantities into the civilian market popular among truckers and west coast bikers.
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